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Facts (F), Explanations (E), Predictions (P) and
Confirmations
Presented on this page are some known facts and their
explanations.
There are also
predictions that can be derived from the theory.
Predictions
are the most important part of any scientific theory. The
more unusual the prediction can be made, the more value and
credibility the theory gains. For example, Intelligent
Design “theory” explains nothing and predicts nothing;
therefore it can not be considered a scientific theory.
The
theory also should always be wider than the treated
phenomenon (“as a blanket-is better to be longer than
legs”). Many theories fail this criterion.
Darwin’s
sexual selection theory
tried to explain sexual dimorphism as a result of sexual
selection. This was a methodological mistake: the wide
phenomenon cannot be treated as a consequence of the narrow
mechanism.
more…
Many social theories also fall
into this category. They attempt to explain brain asymmetry,
handedness, psychological sex differences and
professional preferences from “human” point of view and
therefore have difficulties explaining the same phenomena in
animals.
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Theory predicts that three main parameters of the
dioecious population—sex ratio, variation and sexual
dimorphism—should decrease in stable environment and
increase when conditions change.
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Large vertebrates whose evolution was accompanied by
increased sizes as a rule should have males larger than
females.
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As many insects and Arachnida got smaller during the
evolution process, the small species should have larger
females.
Confirmations:
The prediction was verified on a large group (173
species) of lower Crustaceaean.
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The selection features must be more dominant in
males.
Confirmations:
The examples are numerous: with the meat producers such as
pigs, sheep, cows, birds, the males grow faster, gain weight
and provide better meat than females, the stallions are
better than mares in sporting and physical labor features,
the fine-fleeced rams provide 1.5–2 times more fleece what
the sheep produce, among the fur producers males have better
fur than females, the male silkworm produces 20% more silk,
etc.
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Theory predicts the direction of reciprocal effects
on evolving traits. On divergent parental characters
must have the qualities of the father and on
convergent properties – those of mother.
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Human ancestors
had laterally located eyes contralaterally connected with
the brain. For the development of stereoscopy the eyes moved
to the frontal side and ipsilateral pathways appeared.
Consequently, the visual nerve of men ought to contain more
ipsilateral fibers than that of women. In Ontogeny
ipsilateral pathways and spatial abilities of humans must be
improved.
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In humans
atrophy of the olfactory nerve develops with age.
Consequently, its atrophy must proceed more intensively in
men than women. In Phylogeny olfaction gets poorer.
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The
relative dimensions of corpus callosum in human Ontogeny
markedly increases. It means that it must be larger in men
and grows in Phylogeny.
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The ratio
between the lengths of right and 1eft temporal planes is
higher in women. Hence, both in phylo- and Ontogeny it
must decrease.
Confirmation:
In infants this ratio is 0.65 and in adults— 0.55.
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Theory predicts maximal differences in the last
evolutionary acquisitions of a human being. These characters
include abstract thinking, creative skills, spatial
imagination, and humor. They should be more pronounced among
men.
Confirmations:
Famous scientists, composers, artists, writers, comics and
clowns are mostly men. There are many women among
performers, and actors.
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All “new” diseases, diseases of civilization and
urbanization (atherosclerosis, cancer, coronary diseases,
and schizophrenia) should strike predominantly males.
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Female congenital diseases of the heart and main vessels
should carry the features preserved from the last
embryonic stages of intra-uterine development, or have
some attributes peculiar to a species, from low steps of
evolutionary ladder (nearest past). The anatomic
attributes determining male's congenital defects
should not have precedents at phylogenetic predecessors
of the humans or in the in the embryo. They are
unsuccessful tests of the evolution process.
Confirmations:
The prediction was
verified by analysis of approximately 32000 congenital
malformations of the heart.
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Genes coding
for sexual characters should be located in autosomes.
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Alien DNA or viruses are bound only by Y-chromosome-carrying
sperm; therefore, transgenic animals must consist mostly of
males.
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The condensation of the X chromosome in the female genome
(Barr's body), irrespective of the gametic type, is
interpreted as a barrier to the spreading of new, nontested
information in females rather than gene-dose compensation.
Traditional explanation of the role of Barr bodies as the
dose compensation of X-chromosome genes is illogical. If
this interpretation was true, then the Barr bodies would
normally always be present in homogametic sex. However, in
birds, as in mammals, the female chromosome is condensed,
although birds possess only one X chromosome.
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The ecological Y chromosome must be closely associated with
stress. This explains a number of previously known facts,
e.g., the relatively larger size of the Y chromosome in some
ethnic or social groups and the higher dispersal of this
chromosome in rodents in zones of high seismic activity. In
the latter case, it can be explained by stresses from
frequent earthquakes rather than by high radiation levels or
radon concentrations, as was proposed previously. A
prediction may be made of the change in size and/or
variation of the Y chromosome in regions of frequent or
strong earthquakes, other calamities, and social stresses
(genocide, wars, migrations, hunger, etc.). The same must
happen in intensely selected animals and plants.
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There exists a connection between the mitochondrial DNA and
the Y-chromosome that serves as a gateway for (or a
generator of) mutations induced and directed by the
ecological differential rather than by spontaneous
mutations.
Brain
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Since the
asymmetry of the brain is linked with evolution, then
the greatest asymmetry, apart from humans, must be
anticipated in intensively evolving species. These are
chiefly selected (agricultural, domestic), synanthropic
(able to be trained) animals, the left hemispheres of
which undertake greater ecological stress.
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The right hemisphere control of intrauterine development
(S.F. Walker, 1980). [F]
In the embryo there are mostly old (biological)
functions and not yet new (socio-cultural) functions.
[E]
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The right hemisphere
as analogous
to female sex should be more stable than left
hemisphere.
Organs of
sense
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Sense
of smell:
Left nostril is narrower and more sensitive then right
one [F].
In humans sense of smell undergoes reduction. [E]
Hands
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At ages 6 to
12 years the right femur is larger, and at 13 to 20 the
left
(Bonin, 1962).
When the ancestors of human beings converted to walking
upright, a new center of control arose in the left
hemisphere, causing right-footedness. After the complete
assimilation of the function its center of control
transferred to the right hemisphere, and rightfootedness
changed to leftfootedness. Therefore in accordance with
the rule of recapitulation, in ontogeny also
rightfootedness changed to leftfootedness. This
paradoxical fact can be explained in no other way.
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According to new theory handedness in Phylogeny was
changed the following way: ambidexterity →
right-handedness → left-handedness.
Since male sex is avant-garde, it’s ratio in the array
should increase.
Confirmations:
Archaeological data was collected on the making and use
of tools, according to which in the Stone Age the right
hands and left hands were used equally and in the Bronze
Age, 2/3 were right-handers (now about 90%). We note
that in all these various observations only the
predicted theory of the direction of changes is
established: bilateralness shifts from left hemisphere
to right hemisphere. For each woman there is among the
ambidextrous about 0.5 men, among right-handers about
0.9 men, and among left-handers about 5.0 men (Briden,
1987).
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Phylo- and
ontogenetic conversions of ambidextrousness to
righthandedness and to lefthandedness permit predictions of
the existence or right-handed intermediate phases of all
functions with the left hand and no analogous left-handed
phase for functions made with the right hand.
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The
significant trend away from anbidextrousness to
preference for the right hand with practice in the
accomplishment of tasks was observed in studies using
different tests for tactile differentiation on new
subjects—rhesus monkeys and marmosets [F].
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Simple
reflexes are older than conditioned ones.
Therefore
simple
reflexes
should be stronger on the left side of the body, while
conditioned—on the right side.
Confirmations:
The grasping reflex in newborns is more strongly
developed in the left hand (with species righthandedness
in people). The use of the palm is also stronger on the
left side. However, involvement of fingers is stronger
on the right side (MacNeilage, 1987).
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The
proportions of lefthanded individuals are higher among
both geniuses and imbeciles.
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Centers of control for functions of the dislocation age
must be: in women bilateral, in men, in the left
hemisphere; translocation age, in women, in the left
hemisphere, in men, in the right hemisphere, and
relocation age: in women, in the right hemisphere, in
men, bilateral.
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Of 51
chimpanzees in 591 tests preference for the right hand
was observed in 21 and all of these were males
(MacNeilage, 1987). [F]
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According to
new theory handedness in Phylogeny was changed the
following way: ambidexterity →
right-handedness → left-handedness.
Since male sex is avant-garde, it’s ratio in the array
should increase.
Confirmations:
Archaeological data was collected on the making and use
of tools, according to which in the Stone Age the right
hands and left hands were used equally and in the Bronze
Age, 2/3 were right-handers (now about 90%). We note
that in all these various observations only the
predicted theory of the direction of changes is
established: bilateralness shifts from left hemisphere
to right hemisphere. For each woman there is among the
ambidextrous about 0.5 men, among right-handers about
0.9 men, and among left-handers about 5.0 men (Briden,
1987).
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Lefthandedness is correlated with sex [F]
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There are 5
times more left-handed, stammering, cross-eyed and
dyslectic among male infants [F]
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An increased
prevalence of lefthandedness should be expected in all
cases of ecological and psychological stress and
discomfort, e.g., among interracial and interethnic
hybrids; in populations living in highland, seismic, and
ecologically unfavorable areas; after earthquakes, wars,
genocide, famine, resettlements, and other natural or
social stresses. The same stress conditions increase
the birth rate (and mortality rate) of males to a higher
extent than those of women.
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Varicose strikes women more frequently and from the left
side, and
gout—males
and from the right side.
[F]
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At spaniels
the longest ear should be the male’s right ear, and the
shortest—the female’s left ear [P]
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Left side of the face should look close to mother,
sisters and daughters, while right side should be more
similar to father, brothers and sons [P]
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